{"id":121104,"date":"2026-09-30T02:32:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T02:32:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/youzum.net\/liquid-ai-releases-d1-a-decision-model-that-returns-calibrated-probabilities-with-zero-output-tokens\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T02:32:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T02:32:37","slug":"liquid-ai-releases-d1-a-decision-model-that-returns-calibrated-probabilities-with-zero-output-tokens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/youzum.net\/th\/liquid-ai-releases-d1-a-decision-model-that-returns-calibrated-probabilities-with-zero-output-tokens\/","title":{"rendered":"Liquid AI Releases d1: A Decision Model That Returns Calibrated Probabilities With Zero Output Tokens"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Liquid AI has released <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/lfm\/models\/decision-models\">d1<\/a>, a decision model built for structured choices instead of text generation.<\/strong> You give it context and a set of typed questions. It returns calibrated probabilities across a fixed set of outcomes in a single call, with zero generated tokens. The target is the work many teams still send to general LLMs: classification, ticket routing, scoring, moderation, reranking and LLM-as-judge checks. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is it deployable?<\/strong> Yes, today, as a hosted API. d1 runs on the Liquid API under the model name <code>d1:free<\/code>. Liquid\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/lfm\/models\/complete-library\">model library<\/a> lists it as API only and not trainable, so there are no GGUF, MLX or ONNX weights to self-host.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is a Decision Model?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A decision model evaluates a situation and returns a typed answer from options you define before the call. It does not write text. In every response, <code>usage.output_tokens<\/code> is 0. Liquid AI\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/guides\/decision-model-guide\">migration guide<\/a> gives a simple rule: if the answer is one of N known options, use a decision model. If the model must compose a new string, keep your LLM.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The 3 Primitives: Noul, Choice and Score<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Noul<\/strong> is a yes\/no question that returns a probability between 0 and 1. In Liquid\u2019s example, \u2018Is this message a complaint?\u2019 returned 0.999.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Choice<\/strong> picks one option from a named set. It returns the top pick, the full distribution and a <code>confidence<\/code> value. A double-charge ticket scored 0.9997 on \u2018billing.\u2019<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score<\/strong> rates input on an ordered rubric and returns a probability-weighted position. Levels are indexed from 0, so a 4-level urgency rubric spans 0 to 3. A production outage scored 2.9995.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can mix all 3 types in one request. The model evaluates every question against the same state in one round trip.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How a d1 API Call Works<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each request has 3 parts: the model, the state (plain text or a JSON object) and the questions. Calls go to <code>POST https:\/\/api.liquid.ai\/decisions\/v1\/systemone<\/code>. Keys come from <a href=\"https:\/\/console.liquid.ai\/\">console.liquid.ai<\/a> and start with <code>liquid_<\/code>. The clients are TypeSafe AI\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/typesafe-sdk\/\">typesafe-sdk<\/a> for Python and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npmjs.com\/package\/@typesafe-ai\/sdk\">@typesafe-ai\/sdk<\/a> for TypeScript.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dm-code-snippet dark dm-normal-version default no-background-mobile\">\n<div class=\"control-language\">\n<div class=\"dm-buttons\">\n<div class=\"dm-buttons-left\">\n<div class=\"dm-button-snippet red-button\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-button-snippet orange-button\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-button-snippet green-button\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dm-buttons-right\"><a><span class=\"dm-copy-text\">Copy Code<\/span><span class=\"dm-copy-confirmed\">Copied<\/span><span class=\"dm-error-message\">Use a different Browser<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<pre class=\"no-line-numbers\"><code class=\"no-wrap language-php\">from typesafe_sdk import TypeSafeClient, Noul\n\nclient = TypeSafeClient(api_key=os.environ[\"LIQUID_API_KEY\"],\n                        base_url=\"https:\/\/api.liquid.ai\")\nresult = client.system_one(\n    model=\"d1:free\",\n    state=\"I have been waiting over three weeks for my order...\",\n    questions={\"is_complaint\": Noul(\n        instructions=\"Is this message a complaint from the customer?\")},\n)\nprint(result.answers[\"is_complaint\"].noul)  # 0.999<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Move LLM Classification Calls to d1<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The migration guide lists the concrete differences against an LLM with structured output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>No billed output tokens<\/strong>: An LLM bills output even for a one-word label.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Predictable latency<\/strong>: There is no decoding loop that grows with output length.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No schema errors:<\/strong> Answers always match the question type, so malformed JSON and retries go away.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Usable uncertainty<\/strong>: You get calibrated probabilities instead of a self-reported number.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fewer round trips<\/strong>: 3 sequential classification calls become 1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probabilities make thresholds practical. Liquid\u2019s moderation example blocks above 0.8, allows below 0.2 and sends the middle band to human review. Its routing example falls back to the most capable model tier when router confidence drops below 0.5. Liquid also says repeated evaluations of the same input are more consistent, which reduces verdict flips.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keep an LLM for summarization, drafting, multi-turn chat, code generation and complex multi-step reasoning.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Demo: Road Decider<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Liquid4All\/cookbook\/tree\/main\/examples\/road-decider\">road-decider cookbook<\/a> is a pixel-art survival racer. d1 uses a Choice question to pick left, center or right on every decision tick, about 2 to 5 times per second depending on game speed. The app is vanilla JavaScript on Node.js 18+, with a Vite proxy that keeps the API key server-side. A \u201cJev vs d1\u201d mode races d1 against TypeSafe\u2019s <code>typesafe\/jev-1.13<\/code> through OpenRouter. The most useful lesson is about state design. Per-lane summaries with distance to the first obstacle produced more confident decisions than a raw grid of the road.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Interactive Explainer: d1 Step by Step<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mtp-d1x-wrap\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>d1 vs Closest Competitors<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d1 enters a small but fast-moving category of non-generative decision models. Here is how it compares on published features.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature<\/th>\n<th>Liquid AI d1<\/th>\n<th>TypeSafe Jev 1.13<\/th>\n<th>Convai Laya<\/th>\n<th>AutoTrust JEV-27B<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Access<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/lfm\/models\/complete-library\">Liquid API only<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/openrouter.ai\/typesafe\/jev-1.13\">OpenRouter API<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/huggingface.co\/convaiinnovations\/laya\">Open weights<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/huggingface.co\/blog\/autotrust\/autotrustjev-27b-fast-calibrated-decisions-and-ful\">Open weights<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Primitives<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Noul, Choice, Score<\/td>\n<td>Noul, Choice, Score<\/td>\n<td>Noul, Choice, Score<\/td>\n<td>True\/false, Choice (2 to 16), Score (0 to 5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Output tokens<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0 (output billed at $0)<\/td>\n<td>0 (encoder)<\/td>\n<td>0 for decisions; can also generate text<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Context window<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Not published<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/openrouter.ai\/docs\/guides\/community\/jev\">32K tokens<\/a><\/td>\n<td>512 (English), 1,024 (multilingual)<\/td>\n<td>4,096 tokens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Model size<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Not disclosed<\/td>\n<td>Not disclosed<\/td>\n<td>421M (English), 322M (multilingual)<\/td>\n<td>27B backbone, 108.9M trainable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e47\u0e01\u0e40\u0e01\u0e08\u0e23\u0e32\u0e04\u0e32<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><code>d1:free<\/code> tier; paid rates not published<\/td>\n<td>$0.042 per 1M input tokens<\/td>\n<td>Self-hosted<\/td>\n<td>Self-hosted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>License<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Hosted API<\/td>\n<td>Hosted API<\/td>\n<td>Apache 2.0<\/td>\n<td>Apache 2.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fine-tuning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Not trainable<\/td>\n<td>Not documented<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>Yes (LoRA adapter)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SDK<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>TypeSafe SDK (Python, TS)<\/td>\n<td>TypeSafe SDK, OpenRouter SDKs<\/td>\n<td>Hugging Face<\/td>\n<td>Hugging Face<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Data checked September 29, 2026 against each vendor\u2019s primary page.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d1 returns typed decisions with calibrated probabilities and 0 output tokens.<\/li>\n<li>3 primitives cover most bounded tasks: Noul, Choice and Score.<\/li>\n<li>Deployable now through the Liquid API as <code>d1:free<\/code>; no self-hosted weights.<\/li>\n<li>Best fit: routing, moderation, triage, reranking and LLM-as-judge replacement.<\/li>\n<li>Keep LLMs for generation, conversation and multi-step reasoning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check out the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/lfm\/models\/decision-models\">Decision Models docs<\/a>,<\/strong> the <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.liquid.ai\/guides\/decision-model-guide\"><strong>Migration Guide<\/strong><\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Liquid4All\/cookbook\/tree\/main\/examples\/road-decider\"><strong>Road Decider demo<\/strong><\/a>. All credit goes to the researcher of this project. Also,\u00a0feel free to follow us on\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/intent\/follow?screen_name=marktechpost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><mark>Twitter<\/mark><\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and don\u2019t forget to join our\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/machinelearningnews\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">150k+ML SubReddit<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and Subscribe to\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/magic.beehiiv.com\/v1\/f5e63dd4-5653-4f09-83e2-321a8b1ba526?email=%7B%7Bemail%7D%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">our Newsletter<\/a><\/strong>. Wait! are you on telegram?\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/machinelearningresearchnews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">now you can join us on telegram as well.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Need to partner with us for promoting your GitHub Repo OR Hugging Face Page OR Product Release OR Webinar etc.?\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/MJjjVDPS7whH8Ngs6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><mark>Connect with us<\/mark><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The post <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marktechpost.com\/2026\/09\/29\/liquid-ai-releases-d1-a-decision-model-that-returns-calibrated-probabilities-with-zero-output-tokens\/\">Liquid AI Releases d1: A Decision Model That Returns Calibrated Probabilities With Zero Output Tokens<\/a> appeared first on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marktechpost.com\/\">MarkTechPost<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liquid AI has released d1, a decision model built for structured choices instead of text generation. You give it context and a set of typed questions. It returns calibrated probabilities across a fixed set of outcomes in a single call, with zero generated tokens. The target is the work many teams still send to general LLMs: classification, ticket routing, scoring, moderation, reranking and LLM-as-judge checks. Is it deployable? Yes, today, as a hosted API. d1 runs on the Liquid API under the model name d1:free. Liquid\u2019s model library lists it as API only and not trainable, so there are no GGUF, MLX or ONNX weights to self-host. What is a Decision Model? A decision model evaluates a situation and returns a typed answer from options you define before the call. It does not write text. In every response, usage.output_tokens is 0. Liquid AI\u2019s migration guide gives a simple rule: if the answer is one of N known options, use a decision model. If the model must compose a new string, keep your LLM. The 3 Primitives: Noul, Choice and Score Noul is a yes\/no question that returns a probability between 0 and 1. In Liquid\u2019s example, \u2018Is this message a complaint?\u2019 returned 0.999. Choice picks one option from a named set. It returns the top pick, the full distribution and a confidence value. A double-charge ticket scored 0.9997 on \u2018billing.\u2019 Score rates input on an ordered rubric and returns a probability-weighted position. Levels are indexed from 0, so a 4-level urgency rubric spans 0 to 3. A production outage scored 2.9995. You can mix all 3 types in one request. The model evaluates every question against the same state in one round trip. How a d1 API Call Works Each request has 3 parts: the model, the state (plain text or a JSON object) and the questions. Calls go to POST https:\/\/api.liquid.ai\/decisions\/v1\/systemone. Keys come from console.liquid.ai and start with liquid_. The clients are TypeSafe AI\u2019s typesafe-sdk for Python and @typesafe-ai\/sdk for TypeScript. Copy CodeCopiedUse a different Browser from typesafe_sdk import TypeSafeClient, Noul client = TypeSafeClient(api_key=os.environ[&#8220;LIQUID_API_KEY&#8221;], base_url=&#8221;https:\/\/api.liquid.ai&#8221;) result = client.system_one( model=&#8221;d1:free&#8221;, state=&#8221;I have been waiting over three weeks for my order&#8230;&#8221;, questions={&#8220;is_complaint&#8221;: Noul( instructions=&#8221;Is this message a complaint from the customer?&#8221;)}, ) print(result.answers[&#8220;is_complaint&#8221;].noul) # 0.999 Why Move LLM Classification Calls to d1 The migration guide lists the concrete differences against an LLM with structured output: No billed output tokens: An LLM bills output even for a one-word label. Predictable latency: There is no decoding loop that grows with output length. No schema errors: Answers always match the question type, so malformed JSON and retries go away. Usable uncertainty: You get calibrated probabilities instead of a self-reported number. Fewer round trips: 3 sequential classification calls become 1. Probabilities make thresholds practical. Liquid\u2019s moderation example blocks above 0.8, allows below 0.2 and sends the middle band to human review. Its routing example falls back to the most capable model tier when router confidence drops below 0.5. Liquid also says repeated evaluations of the same input are more consistent, which reduces verdict flips. Keep an LLM for summarization, drafting, multi-turn chat, code generation and complex multi-step reasoning. Demo: Road Decider Liquid\u2019s road-decider cookbook is a pixel-art survival racer. d1 uses a Choice question to pick left, center or right on every decision tick, about 2 to 5 times per second depending on game speed. The app is vanilla JavaScript on Node.js 18+, with a Vite proxy that keeps the API key server-side. A \u201cJev vs d1\u201d mode races d1 against TypeSafe\u2019s typesafe\/jev-1.13 through OpenRouter. The most useful lesson is about state design. Per-lane summaries with distance to the first obstacle produced more confident decisions than a raw grid of the road. Interactive Explainer: d1 Step by Step d1 vs Closest Competitors d1 enters a small but fast-moving category of non-generative decision models. Here is how it compares on published features. Feature Liquid AI d1 TypeSafe Jev 1.13 Convai Laya AutoTrust JEV-27B Access Liquid API only OpenRouter API Open weights Open weights Primitives Noul, Choice, Score Noul, Choice, Score Noul, Choice, Score True\/false, Choice (2 to 16), Score (0 to 5) Output tokens 0 0 (output billed at $0) 0 (encoder) 0 for decisions; can also generate text Context window Not published 32K tokens 512 (English), 1,024 (multilingual) 4,096 tokens Model size Not disclosed Not disclosed 421M (English), 322M (multilingual) 27B backbone, 108.9M trainable Pricing d1:free tier; paid rates not published $0.042 per 1M input tokens Self-hosted Self-hosted License Hosted API Hosted API Apache 2.0 Apache 2.0 Fine-tuning Not trainable Not documented Yes Yes (LoRA adapter) SDK TypeSafe SDK (Python, TS) TypeSafe SDK, OpenRouter SDKs Hugging Face Hugging Face Data checked September 29, 2026 against each vendor\u2019s primary page. Key Takeaways d1 returns typed decisions with calibrated probabilities and 0 output tokens. 3 primitives cover most bounded tasks: Noul, Choice and Score. Deployable now through the Liquid API as d1:free; no self-hosted weights. Best fit: routing, moderation, triage, reranking and LLM-as-judge replacement. Keep LLMs for generation, conversation and multi-step reasoning. Check out the Decision Models docs, the Migration Guide and the Road Decider demo. All credit goes to the researcher of this project. Also,\u00a0feel free to follow us on\u00a0Twitter\u00a0and don\u2019t forget to join our\u00a0150k+ML SubReddit\u00a0and Subscribe to\u00a0our Newsletter. Wait! are you on telegram?\u00a0now you can join us on telegram as well. Need to partner with us for promoting your GitHub Repo OR Hugging Face Page OR Product Release OR Webinar etc.?\u00a0Connect with us The post Liquid AI Releases d1: A Decision Model That Returns Calibrated Probabilities With Zero Output Tokens appeared first on MarkTechPost.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_pvb_checkbox_block_on_post":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52,5,7,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-121104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ai-club","category-committee","category-news","category-uncategorized","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3 - 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