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Smack dab between Australia and South America, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Rainier is currently on a mission to map more than 8,000 square nautical miles of the Pacific seafloor in search of critical mineral deposits. But it isn’t doing it alone; for a month starting this week, it will deploy two oblong neon submersibles as the project’s special agents, sending them nearly 6,000 meters down to hop along the seafloor.  The submersibles, built by the young company Orpheus Ocean, are designed to explore just this environment: a squelchy substrate that teems with life of all kinds, from tiny microbes to worms and snails, along with egg-size “nodules” of metals—such as copper, cobalt, nickel, and manganese—that are crucial for technologies worldwide.   Scientists and companies have long sought to probe the deep sea and bring such treasures to the surface. Orpheus, which spun off from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in 2024, could be well positioned to make those possibilities a lot more economical. The company has designed its vehicles on a simple philosophy: “deep for cheap,” says Jake Russell, Orpheus’s cofounder and CEO, who is a chemist by training. The vehicles cost a couple of hundred thousand dollars each to build, whereas existing options can range from $5 million to $10 million. And unlike most autonomous ocean vehicles, they can push into the seafloor and capture cores of sediment—and the creatures within.  Orpheus’s engineers have been tinkering with their deep-sea designs for years, much of the work taking place at WHOI and in collaboration with NOAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Its prototype vehicles were rated capable of diving to 11,000 meters—the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. They’ve completed two commercial deployments, but this new expedition marks the submersibles’ biggest test yet: operating over large ranges for multiple weeks and with multiple instruments at play. Using Rainier as their home base on the ocean’s surface, the vehicles will swim out for 10 kilometers at a time, taking one high-resolution image every second and up to eight physical samples from the seafloor apiece. If all goes well, the test could help establish the vehicles as a tool for government agencies, scientists, and companies that hope to probe the vastly understudied deep sea and the resources it holds. And while they’re not the only option on the market, Orpheus hopes their size and low building cost will soon make them one of the most accessible.  At present, to reach these depths scientists must wait for time on a limited and expensive set of submersibles owned by government agencies and research institutes. That formula lends itself better to capturing snapshots of the deep sea than it does to probing its interconnected ecological and biogeochemical systems. “A lot of this region that we’re surveying … has really never been explored in any kind of detail,” says Russell. “Anything we see is going to be new to NOAA and new to science.” A sediment specialist The Orpheus subs are classified as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), which operate on a mix of preprogrammed commands and live decision-making and without being tethered to a ship. But unlike traditional AUVs engineered for long-distance, high-speed gliding, these submersibles are short and stout with little legs—better for making soft landings on the seafloor and then pushing into the mud to suck out sediment cores for scientists. When they do land, the submersibles can lift off the surface, thrust a few feet, and settle once more in a “hopping” fashion. Their bodies are made mostly of a buoyant material known as syntactic foam, with the important electronics encased in a thick sphere of glass. The same kind of foam, which is interspersed with hollow microspheres of glass to prevent it from collapsing under high pressures, went to the deep in the vehicle that carried the filmmaker James Cameron to the Mariana Trench in 2012; he even donated leftover material for use in earlier Orpheus prototypes.  At less than two meters in length and under 600 pounds (270 kilograms), Russell says the Orpheus robots are the smallest—and correspondingly the least expensive—ocean vehicles on the market capable of descending to 6,000 meters. They’re designed to populate future fleets of robotic explorers. The approach stems from a fundamental challenge, says Victoria Orphan, a geobiologist at the California Institute of Technology, who has previously worked with an Orpheus vehicle on a science campaign: “Anytime you do things in the deep ocean, you always run this risk, when you put something over the side [of a ship], that it might not come back.” With existing fleets of large, expensive vessels operated by groups like NOAA, WHOI, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), losing a vehicle can be disastrous, not least because scientists must already compete for their limited time. In the spring of 2024, Orphan and her colleagues put an Orpheus sub through its paces during an expedition to study deep-sea methane seeps off the coast of Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. They hoped to use the vehicle to create maps of the area before the team sent down a human-crewed submersible called Alvin to study specific areas—and the microorganisms and animals that live there—in more detail.  But as with any sort of new type of technology, “there’s always growing pains,” recalls Orphan. Frigid temperatures and steep topography added unseen challenges, and it took the full three weeks for the sub to get high-resolution photographs of the seeps.  The setback didn’t dull Orphan’s excitement about the potential of these machines. “There’s a lot of real, unknown science right at that interface between the sediment and the ocean surface,” she says. “The Orpheus-type class of instrument, with the right kinds of sensors and samplers, could be a very enabling tool.” Russell envisions pairing the vehicles with specially designed payloads that can sense the heat of chemical seeps and detect plumes of sediment, DNA shed from ocean life-forms, or the magnetic tug of buried cables.  The vehicles are

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. A new US phone network for Christians aims to block porn and gender-related content A new US-wide cell phone network marketed to Christians is set to launch next week. It blocks porn using network-level controls that can’t be turned off—even by adult account owners. It’s also rolling out a filter on sexual content aimed at blocking material related to gender and trans issues, optional but turned on by default across all plans. The trouble is, many websites don’t fit neatly into one category. That leaves its maverick founder with broad, subjective control over what is allowed or banned. Read the full story. —James O’Donnell This startup’s new mechanistic interpretability tool lets you debug LLMs The San Francisco–based startup Goodfire has released a new tool, Silico, that lets researchers peer inside an AI model and adjust its parameters during training. It could give users more control over how this technology is built than was once thought possible. The goal is to make building AI models less like alchemy and more like a science. Using a technique called mechanistic interpretability, Silico maps the neurons and pathways inside a model and lets developers tweak them to reduce unwanted behaviors or steer outputs. By exposing the “knobs and dials,” Goodfire hopes to bring AI training closer to traditional software engineering. Read the full story. —Will Douglas Heaven With mass firing, Trump deals a fresh blow to American science This past week delivered another gut punch for science in the US. This time, the target was the National Science Foundation—a federal agency that funds major research projects to the tune of around $9 billion. On Friday, the 22 scientists overseeing those efforts were all fired. Since 2025, the NSF has faced budget cuts, grant terminations, and mass firings, with staff numbers down sharply and many ambitious projects grinding to a halt. The result is a major shift in how American science is funded and governed. Discover what it means, and what’s next. —Jessica Hamzelou This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here. China’s open-source bet: 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now Silicon Valley AI companies follow a familiar playbook: keep the models behind an API and charge for access. China’s leading AI labs are playing a different game, releasing “open-weight” models that developers can download, adapt, and run on their own hardware. That approach went mainstream after DeepSeek open-sourced its R1 model, which matched top US systems at a fraction of the cost. It also won something subtler: goodwill with developers. A growing cohort of Chinese labs is now following the same blueprint. As AI shifts from hype to deployment, open-source models are making the future of AI more multipolar than Silicon Valley expected. Read the full story. —Caiwei Chen China’s open-source bet is one of the 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now, our list of the biggest ideas, trends, and advances in AI today. We’re unpacking one item from the list each day here in The Download, so stay tuned. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 Elon Musk has admitted that xAI trained Grok on OpenAI models“Distillation” is standard practice in AI, despite being legally dubious. (Wired $)+ The White House has accused Chinese firms using distillation of theft. (BBC)+ American labs are widely assumed to use similar techniques. (TechCrunch) 2 A “de-extinction” startup wants to resurrect a long-lost antelopeColossal Biosciences wants to bring back the bluebuck. (Axios)+ The company is using genomic editing to revive the animal. (Gizmodo)+ It previously claimed to have cloned red wolves. (MIT Technology Review) 3 ​​An OpenAI model outperformed ER doctors at diagnosing patientsBy analyzing health records data and information provided to physicians. (NPR)+ But it still must be proven in real-world clinical trials. (Vox) 4 Scientists are trying to power AI data centers with tiny nuclear reactorsThey could provide a new way to meet AI’s energy demands. (Gizmodo)+ We did the math on AI’s energy footprint. (MIT Technology Review) 5 Spotify has started verifying human artistsA new badge will distinguish them from AI. (The Guardian)+ Spotify has faced criticism for its handling of AI. (BBC) 6 The US is backing a Congolese railway to break China’s grip on critical mineralsThe old railroad is key to the race for critical metals in Africa. (Rest of World)+ The US is also searching for alternative sources. (MIT Technology Review) 7 Huawei is set to overtake Nvidia in China’s AI chip marketIt’s expected to capture the largest market share this year. (FT $) 8 Japan is building cardboard drones for the battlefieldThe flatpack designs are cheap, disposable, and built at scale. (404 Media) 9 The more young people use AI, the more they hate itResearch shows that Gen Z doesn’t trust GenAI. (The Verge) 10 A new organoid can menstruate—and show how tissue repairs itselfIt’s revealing how the uterus can shed without scarring. (Nature) Quote of the day “I suspect that there are a number of people who do not want to put the future of humanity in Mr Musk’s hands. But we’re not going to get into that.” —Judge Gonzalez Rogers rebukes attempts by Elon Musk’s lawyer to focus on AI’s existential risks as part of his lawsuit against OpenAI, the New York Times reports.  One More Thing TMY350 VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS This rare earth metal shows us the future of our planet’s resources The materials we need to power our world are shifting from fossil fuels to energy sources that don’t produce greenhouse gas emissions. Take neodymium, a rare earth metal used in powerful magnets that power everything from smartphones to wind turbines. Its story reveals many of the challenges we’ll likely face across the supply chain in

Companies are taking control of their own data to tailor AI for their needs. The challenge lies in balancing ownership with the safe, trusted flow of high‑quality data needed to power reliable insights. This conversation from MIT Technology Review’s EmTech AI conference examines how AI factories unlock new levels of scale, sustainability, and governance—positioning data control as a strategic imperative for governments and enterprises. About the speakers Chris Davidson, Vice President, HPC & AI Customer Solutions, HPE Chris Davidson is Vice President of HPC & AI Customer Solutions at Hewlett Packard Enterprise. He leads HPE’s global strategy for AI Factory solutions and Sovereign AI, working with governments, enterprises, and research institutions to build secure, scalable national- and enterprise-grade AI capabilities. He also directs Product Management and Performance Engineering across HPE’s HPC and AI portfolio, including large-model training platforms and Cray exascale systems. His teams define product strategy, performance architecture, and deployment models that position HPE at the forefront of high-performance and AI computing. During his nine years at HPE, Chris has led key initiatives across Performance Engineering, AI Cloud, and Professional Services, shaping how HPE delivers optimized, cloud-native, and globally deployed high-performance systems. He previously held technical and leadership roles in the biotech and medical diagnostics sectors. Chris holds an M.B.A. in Entrepreneurship and Finance and a B.S. in Biology from Loyola University Chicago. Arjun Shankar, Division Director, National Center for Computational Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Mallikarjun (Arjun) Shankar is the Division Director for the National Center for Computational Science at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. His research focuses on the interdisciplinary bridge between computer science and large-scale scientific discovery campaigns that rely on scalable computing and data science. He is a joint faculty appointee at the University of Tennessee’s Bredesen Center, a senior member of the IEEE and a senior member of the ACM.

Cursor, the AI-powered code editor, is opening up the core technology behind its coding agents to developers everywhere. The Cursor team announced the public beta of the Cursor SDK — a TypeScript library that gives engineers programmatic access to the same runtime, harness, and models that power Cursor’s desktop app, CLI, and web interface. This signals a meaningful shift in how AI coding tools are being positioned: not just as interactive assistants sitting alongside a developer, but as deployable infrastructure that organizations can wire into their existing systems. From Interactive Tool to Programmable Infrastructure If you’ve used Cursor before, you know it as an IDE where you interact with an agent in real time — asking it to write functions, fix bugs, or explain code. The Cursor SDK changes the access model. Instead of a developer sitting at a keyboard, the agent can now be invoked programmatically: from a CI/CD pipeline trigger, a backend service, or embedded directly inside another product. Think of it this way: previously, you had to be “in” Cursor to use its agents. Now, you can call those same agents from anywhere in your stack with a few lines of TypeScript. Getting started is a single command: Copy CodeCopiedUse a different Browser npm install @cursor/sdk From there, you create an Agent instance, send it a task, and stream the response back — all in TypeScript. Here’s the minimal example from Cursor’s announcement: Copy CodeCopiedUse a different Browser import { Agent } from “@cursor/sdk”; const agent = await Agent.create({ apiKey: process.env.CURSOR_API_KEY!, model: { id: “composer-2” }, local: { cwd: process.cwd() }, }); const run = await agent.send(“Summarize what this repository does”); for await (const event of run.stream()) { console.log(event); } The Agent.create() call accepts an apiKey, a model field (where you specify which model to run), and either a local or cloud configuration depending on where you want execution to happen. Why Building Your Own Agent Stack is Hard Before diving into what the SDK offers, it’s worth understanding the problem it solves. Building fast, reliable, and capable coding agents that run safely against your data requires meaningful engineering effort: secure sandboxing, durable state and session management, environment setup, and context management. And when a new model ships, dev teams often have to rework their agent loops entirely just to take advantage of it. The Cursor SDK eliminates this complexity so teams can focus on building useful agents instead of maintaining the underlying infrastructure. https://cursor.com/blog/typescript-sdk The Agent Harness: What “Same Runtime” Actually Means SDK agents use the same harness that powers Cursor’s own products. ‘Harness’ here refers to the full set of supporting infrastructure that makes an agent effective beyond just the LLM call itself. In Cursor’s case, that includes: Intelligent context management — Codebase indexing, semantic search, and instant grep so agents retrieve the right code context before generating responses. This is critical because LLMs are only as good as the context they receive; poor retrieval leads to hallucinated or irrelevant outputs. MCP servers — Agents launched through the SDK can connect to external tools and data sources over stdio or HTTP, either via a .cursor/mcp.json config file or passed inline in the API call. MCP (Model Context Protocol) is an open standard for wiring tools into agent runtimes. Skills — Agents automatically pick up reusable behavior definitions from a .cursor/skills/ directory in the repository. Hooks — A .cursor/hooks.json file lets you observe, control, and extend the agent loop across cloud, self-hosted, and local runtimes — useful for logging, guardrails, or custom orchestration. Subagents — The main agent can delegate subtasks to named subagents with their own prompts and models via the Agent tool, enabling multi-agent workflows without custom orchestration code. Cloud Deployment: Persistent, Sandboxed, and Resumable One of the more practical features of the SDK is cloud execution. When configured to run in Cursor’s cloud, each agent gets its own dedicated VM with strong sandboxing, a clone of the target repository, and a fully configured development environment. Critically, the agent keeps running even if the initiating machine goes offline — the developer can reconnect and stream the conversation later. Cloud agents integrate with Cursor’s existing Agents Window and web app, so a task started programmatically via the SDK can be inspected or taken over manually inside the Cursor interface. When the agent finishes, it can open a PR, push a branch, or attach demos and screenshots — making them suitable for asynchronous, unattended workflows: Copy CodeCopiedUse a different Browser const agent = await Agent.create({ apiKey: process.env.CURSOR_API_KEY!, model: { id: “gpt-5.5” }, cloud: { repos: [{ url: “https://github.com/cursor/cookbook”, startingRef: “main” }], autoCreatePR: true, }, }); const run = await agent.send(“Fix the auth token expiry bug”); console.log(`Started ${run.id}`); // …check back in later, from anywhere: const result = await ( await Agent.getRun(run.id, { runtime: “cloud”, agentId: run.agentId }) ).wait(); console.log(result.git?.branches[0]?.prUrl); For dev teams with security requirements, the SDK also supports self-hosted workers, where both code and tool execution remain inside the organization’s own network. Model Flexibility and Composer 2 The SDK exposes every model supported in Cursor. Switching models is a single field change in the model parameter, letting teams route tasks to the best model for a given combination of cost and capability. Cursor’s own Composer 2 — described as a specialized coding model achieving frontier-level performance at a fraction of the cost of general-purpose models — is positioned as the default recommendation for most coding agent tasks. Getting Started To accelerate adoption, Cursor has published a public cookbook repository on GitHub with four starter projects: a minimal quickstart (a Node.js example that creates a local agent, sends one prompt, and streams the response), a web-based prototyping tool for scaffolding new projects in a sandboxed cloud environment, an agent-powered kanban board that automatically opens PRs when engineers drag a card, and a lightweight coding agent CLI for spawning Cursor agents from the terminal. Cursor has also released a Cursor SDK plugin in the Cursor Marketplace to help developers start building directly from within the editor.

TurboQuant has recently been launched by Google as a novel algorithmic suite and library for applying advanced quantization and compression to large language models (LLMs) and vector search engines — an indispensable element of RAG systems.

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. Digging for clues about the North Pole’s past In the past, getting to the North Pole involved a treacherous trip through ice many meters thick. But last year, a research vessel encountered open water and thin ice, which created an easy passage. It provided a reminder of how quickly the Arctic is changing.  Now scientists are digging deep below the seabed to find out if the Arctic Ocean was ever ice-free—and what that could mean for the future of Earth’s northernmost waters. Here’s what they hope to discover. —Tim Kalvelage This story is from the latest issue of our print magazine, which is all about nature. Check out the full issue here, and subscribe to get the next one when it lands.  Humanoid data: 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now I was recently invited to join an app that would pay me to film myself doing tasks like putting food in a bowl and microwaving it. Another site asked if I’d like to remotely control a robotic arm to help improve its dexterity. What on earth is happening? These examples are just part of a growing push by robotics companies to collect data on our movements for training humanoids. As the race for real-world data heats up, our everyday movements are being turned into training data. Read the full story. —James O’Donnell Humanoid data is one of our 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now, a new look at the big ideas, trends, and technologies really worth your attention in the buzzy world of AI. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Meta have all set AI spending recordsCollectively, they’re up 71% on the same quarter last year.  (NYT $)+ Microsoft, Google and Amazon reported big payoffs from the splurge. (FT $)+ But Meta’s shares slid after its plans spooked investors. (BBC)+ What even is the AI bubble? (MIT Technology Review) 2 The White House opposes Anthropic’s plan to expand Mythos accessIt’s concerned about the model’s cyber risks. (Bloomberg $)+ And worried that the government will lose compute access. (WSJ $)+ Anthropic is seeking funding at a valuation over $900 billion. (Bloomberg $) 3 Elon Musk has claimed OpenAI’s leaders “looted the nonprofit”During testimony, Musk said he “was a fool” for trusting them. (Gizmodo)+ But he had raised his own concerns about OpenAI’s non-profit status. (The Verge)+ The case could reshape the AI landscape. (MIT Technology Review) 4 Autonomous vehicles may be worseningAccording to emergency first-responders, glitches are increasing. (Wired) 5 OpenAI has abandoned much of its Stargate planIt will no longer develop its own data centers. (FT $)+ The project’s compute requirements have been questioned. (MIT Technology Review) 6 A convicted Harvard scientist is rebuilding a brain-computer lab in ChinaHe had previously been named the world’s top chemist. (Reuters $) + But was then convicted for lying about payments from China. (NYT $) 7 Families have sued OpenAI over a mass shooter’s use of ChatGPTThey say OpenAI provided a dangerously defective version of the chatbot. (NPR) 8 Apple is reportedly close to giving up on the Vision ProAfter the latest model flopped. (MacRumors)  9 Senators are interrogating US AI firms on safeguards against ChinaOver fears of IP theft. (Axios) 10 Friendly AI chatbots are more likely to be inaccurateA new study found kinder answers contained more mistakes. (BBC) Quote of the day “Never talk about goblins, gremlins, raccoons, trolls, ogres, pigeons, or other animals or creatures unless it is absolutely and unambiguously relevant to the user’s query.”  —OpenAI instructs Codex to avoid critter talk in a system prompt for the coding agent, Ars Technica reports. One More Thing ARTHUR MOUNT Is this the most energy-efficient way to build homes? When engineers began designing an ultra-efficient home in the 1970s, they realized the trick wasn’t generating energy in a greener way, but using less of it. They needed to make a better thermos, not a cheaper coffee maker. That idea helped inspire today’s passive-house standard: airtight buildings that can cut energy use by up to 90% through better windows, insulation, and ventilation. Although they’re often considered a cold-climate approach, passive houses actually have universal benefits. Find out what makes them so efficient. —Patrick Sisson We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.) + Finally, someone built a gaming PC inside a microwave that runs DOOM.+ Experience the rhythm of the city through this rapid-fire collage of urban photography.+ Get a dose of pure cuteness as these tiny snow leopard cubs leave their den for the first time.+ If you’re staring at a random assortment of groceries, SuperCook will find a recipe based on what’s already in your pantry.